domingo, 4 de maio de 2008

O liberalismo e o socialismo de mãos dadas

Liberalismo de Esquerda, por Tiago Barbosa Ribeiro

Neste texto o autor procurou alinhar o liberalismo com o socialismo, que como eu entende que um só pode ser a expressão incompleta do outro, mas explorou um argumento que me parece complexo. Quer desenvolver a ética do mérito para justificar as desigualdades à chegada.

O mito da meritocracia

Esta tese parte de um princípio correcto que dependente de uma tarefa impossível que é identificar (quanto mais anular) todas as desigualdades à partida, de forma a desenviesar a hierarquia social à chegada, que se quer o seu justo e cristalino reconhecimento, a meritocracia. O problema é que isto é um mito porque ninguém consegue anular todas as desigualdades à partida, e as desigualdades que não se anulam à partida serão as desigualdades à chegada. Um determinismo hegeliano para os que comungam desta "espécie de calvinismo ateu".

Há que mudar o discurso e sustentar melhor a razão pela qual os indivíduos se podem distanciar uns dos outros. Não é porque tenham o mérito como argumento moral, porque essa definição é completamente arbitrária, e no limite não há nada que a sustente.

Marx defendia que devíamos caminhar para uma economia que distribuísse "De cada um segundo as suas possibilidades, para cada um segundo as suas necessidades". Nós somos indivíduos, e da nossa individualidade inferimos que temos necessidades distintas. Ora se temos necessidades distintas não podemos ter a mesma fatia do produto, a menos que na definição de "valor" estivesse a "necessidade". O mercado é alheio a este tipo de definições, embora o conceito de "valor" não seja alheio ao de mercado.
Da mesma forma que nos sentimos injustiçados sempre que somos forçados a aceitar que uma condição, sobre a qual não podemos actuar, nos limite a satisfação das nossas necessidades, também nos sentiríamos injustiçados e descompensados com um sistema que nos impedisse de ascender para ir satisfazendo necessidades ilimitadas.

A necessidade da desigualdade

Em mãos ficamos com uma pescadinha de rabo na boca, porque estas duas vontades acabam por chocar. Entre a vontade de satisfazer necessidades ilimitadas, e ao mesmo tempo anular as desigualdades que essa mesma satisfação provocou.

"Mas uns indivíduos são física ou moralmente superiores a outros e, portanto, fornecem mais trabalho no mesmo tempo ou podem trabalhar mais tempo (...) Com igualdade de trabalho e, por conseguinte, igualdade de participação no fundo social de consumo, há portanto uns que efectivamente recebem mais que os outros, uns que são mais ricos que os outros (...) Mas estes defeitos são inevitáveis na primeira fase da sociedade comunista"
Karl Marx na Crítica ao Programa de Gotha

Não é por acaso que Marx distingue a "fase inferior", onde a remuneração diferencia o trabalho simples e o trabalho complexo, da "fase superior" do comunismo. É exactamente porque sem incentivos não se maximizam as contribuições para o bolo ("de cada um segundo as suas possibilidades..."), e se não se maximizarem essas possibilidades, aquilo que se deixa aos restantes que por si só não conseguíram satisfazer todas as suas necessidades, acaba por ser inferior ao que teriam na ausência desses mesmos incentivos.

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